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Cabinet ACI > Non classé  > L'étendue de la présomption d'innocence 2

L'étendue de la présomption d'innocence 2

L’étendue de la présomption d’innocence  2 :

La présomption d’innocence se manifeste tout au long de la procédure pénale et pour tous les citoyens.                              (L’étendue de la présomption d’innocence)

Ainsi, les juridictions d’instruction n’ont pas pour mission de constater des culpabilités mais de rechercher si des charges suffisantes justifient la comparution des inculpés devant une juridiction de jugement.
L’article  9-1 du  Code Civil : protection de la présomption d’innocence Chacun a droit au respect de la présomption d’innocence.
« Lorsqu’une personne est, avant toute condamnation, présentée publiquement comme étant coupable de faits faisant l’objet d’une enquête ou d’une instruction judiciaire, le juge peut, même en référé, sans préjudice de la réparation du dommage subi, prescrire toutes mesures, telles que l’insertion d’une rectification ou la diffusion d’un communiqué, aux fins de faire cesser l’atteinte à la présomption d’innocence, et ce aux frais de la personne, physique ou morale, responsable de cette atteinte ».

La protection par la méthode du référé :

Premièrement, toute personne présentée publiquement comme coupable de faits faisant l‘objet soit d’une enquête ou bien d’une instruction judiciaire peut agir d’ailleurs en référé pour faire cesser cette atteinte par toutes mesures : d’ou mise en cause régulière de la presse
Deuxièmement, les poursuites sont également possibles au titre de la dénonciation calomnieuse ou de la diffamation.

  • Le droit au silence                               (L’étendue de la présomption d’innocence 2)

Tout d’abord, la question du droit au silence, droit à ne pas se voir forcé de témoigner contre soi-même ou de s’avouer coupable,
ce droit a été reconnu par la CEDH (CEDH, 1993, Funke c/ France)

Le droit au silence dans le droit français :

–          introduction dans le droit français par la loi du 15 juin 2000
–          droit supprimé par la loi du 18 mars 2003

Ce droit reste néanmoins protégé par la CEDH

  1. La présomption d’innocence au stade de l’enquête judiciaire

                                                                                                      (L’étendue de la présomption d’innocence 2)

La loi du 15 juin 2000  a renforcé la protection en matière de  garde à vue :

–     D’abord, la possibilité de s’entretenir avec un avocat dès la 1ère heure de garde à vue (et retour dès la 20ème heure)
–      Puis, l’obligation d’informer le gardé à vue de la nature de l’infraction sur laquelle porte l’enquête

–      Ensuite, les fouilles effectuées doivent être nécessaires au besoin de l’enquête et réalisées par un médecin requis à cet effet
–          est effectué un enregistrement audio des interrogatoires des mineurs (discussion sur l’extension aux majeurs)
–       Egalement, la visite des locaux de la garde à vue par le Procureur de la République à chaque fois qu’il l’estime nécessaire et au moins 1 fois par an
Néanmoins, la protection  prévoyant la présence de l’avocat dès la première heure se trouve limitée :
–  En premier, la création de nombreuses exceptions par la loi Perben 2 : procédure pénale d’exception ouverte à 17 infractions
–   En second, la garde à vue de 6 jours  avec premier entretien avec un avocat au-delà de la 96ème heure pour les enquêtes portant sur des faits de terrorisme (loi du 23 janvier 2006)
 
 
  1. La présomption d’innocence au stade de l’instruction   (L’étendue de la présomption d’innocence 2)

 
La loi du 15 juin 2000 a crée le Juge des libertés et de la détention : magistrat du siège  qui ordonne ou prolonge la détention provisoire en lieu et place du juge d’instruction jusque là compétent pour le faire :

Le placement en détention provisoire ne doit intervenir qu’à titre exceptionnel.

La décision de placement en détention provisoire peut se contester :

–          appel devant le Chambre de l’instruction (formation collégiale)
–          existence d’un référé-détention depuis la loi du 18 mars 2003

Autre compétence en matière de liberté individuelle :
–          contrôle des perquisitions
–          contrôle de la rétention des étrangers…

Le JLD est devenu le juge naturel de la présomption d’innocence

  1. La présomption d’innocence au stade du jugement     (L’étendue de la présomption d’innocence 2)

      

 —L’appel

Garantie nouvelle de la présomption d’innocence : appel possible des décisions des cours d’appel (loi du 15 juin 2000) : recours devant une cour d’assises d’appel désignée par la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation

L’aveu

La présomption d’innocence étant d’ordre public, l’intéressé ne peut y renoncer valablement. Ce qui signifie qu’il peut toujours revenir valablement sur ses aveux. Du reste, la présomption emporte comme effet premier de ne à témoigner contre soi-même.
Le problème cependant existe de savoir si l’aveu, révélé, et même s’il s’avère fallacieux, ne va pas entraîner une médiatisation, le renforcement de la rumeur, l’ancrage dans l’opinion publique qui va alors exiger une condamnation avant toute procédure contradictoire. C’est sans doute la raison essentielle de faire de ce droit, une droit fondamental absolu, opposable à tous et même à soi-même. Tant que l’aveu n’a pas été soupesé, pesé, étayé, vérifié de façon contradictoire et loyale, il n’a aucune valeur judiciaire.
La présomption a pour conséquence le droit de ne rien dire qui puisse faire accabler soi-même.
 

Contacter un avocat

Pour votre défense :

Avocat spécialiste présomption d’innocence

du cabinet Aci assurera efficacement votre défense.
Il vous appartient de prendre l’initiative en l’appelant au téléphone ou bien en envoyant un mail.
Quelle que soit votre situation : victime ou auteur de l’infraction,
nos avocats vous accompagnent et assurent votre défense durant la phase d’enquête (garde à vue) ;
d’instruction (juge d’instruction, chambre de l’instruction) ; devant la chambre de jugement et enfin,
pendant la phase judiciaire (après le procès, auprès de l’administration pénitentiaire par exemple).
 

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